For those who actually want fascism to mean something, Umberto Eco’s 14 key points of Ur-Fascism are handy:
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“The cult of tradition”, characterized by cultural syncretism, even at the risk of internal contradiction. When all truth has already been revealed by tradition, no new learning can occur, only further interpretation and refinement.
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“The rejection of modernism”, which views the rationalistic development of Western culture since the Enlightenment as a descent into depravity. Eco distinguishes this from a rejection of superficial technological advancement, as many fascist regimes cite their industrial potency as proof of the vitality of their system.
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“The cult of action for action’s sake”, which dictates that action is of value in itself and should be taken without intellectual reflection. This, says Eco, is connected with anti-intellectualism and irrationalism, and often manifests in attacks on modern culture and science.
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“Disagreement is treason” – fascism devalues intellectual discourse and critical reasoning as barriers to action, as well as out of fear that such analysis will expose the contradictions embodied in a syncretistic faith.
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“Fear of difference”, which fascism seeks to exploit and exacerbate, often in the form of racism or an appeal against foreigners and immigrants.
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“Appeal to a frustrated middle class”, fearing economic pressure from the demands and aspirations of lower social groups.
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“Obsession with a plot” and the hyping-up of an enemy threat. This often combines an appeal to xenophobia with a fear of disloyalty and sabotage from marginalized groups living within the society. Eco also cites Pat Robertson’s book The New World Order as a prominent example of a plot obsession.
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Fascist societies rhetorically cast their enemies as “at the same time too strong and too weak”. On the one hand, fascists play up the power of certain disfavored elites to encourage in their followers a sense of grievance and humiliation. On the other hand, fascist leaders point to the decadence of those elites as proof of their ultimate feebleness in the face of an overwhelming popular will.
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“Pacifism is trafficking with the enemy” because “life is permanent warfare” – there must always be an enemy to fight. Both fascist Germany under Hitler and Italy under Mussolini worked first to organize and clean up their respective countries and then build the war machines that they later intended to and did use, despite Germany being under restrictions of the Versailles treaty to not build a military force. This principle leads to a fundamental contradiction within fascism: the incompatibility of ultimate triumph with perpetual war.
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“Contempt for the weak”, which is uncomfortably married to a chauvinistic popular elitism, in which every member of society is superior to outsiders by virtue of belonging to the in-group. Eco sees in these attitudes the root of a deep tension in the fundamentally hierarchical structure of fascist polities, as they encourage leaders to despise their underlings, up to the ultimate leader, who holds the whole country in contempt for having allowed him to overtake it by force.
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“Everybody is educated to become a hero”, which leads to the embrace of a cult of death. As Eco observes, “[t]he Ur-Fascist hero is impatient to die. In his impatience, he more frequently sends other people to death.”
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“Machismo”, which sublimates the difficult work of permanent war and heroism into the sexual sphere. Fascists thus hold “both disdain for women and intolerance and condemnation of nonstandard sexual habits, from chastity to homosexuality”.
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“Selective populism” – the people, conceived monolithically, have a common will, distinct from and superior to the viewpoint of any individual. As no mass of people can ever be truly unanimous, the leader holds himself out as the interpreter of the popular will (though truly he alone dictates it). Fascists use this concept to delegitimize democratic institutions they accuse of “no longer represent[ing] the voice of the people”.
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“Newspeak” – fascism employs and promotes an impoverished vocabulary in order to limit critical reasoning.
Liberal democracies was the point of contention. And the Doctrine of Fascism literally goes over this point.
“We gambled that the American people would soundly reject fascism, and we lost that gamble. Therefore, we are now fascists”?
I didn’t realize that when someone says “You can read Mussolini to see what fascism is” I’m not allowed to say “I have” without being a pompous ass.
Yeah, you know damn well that Democrats are one of the major parties in the US liberal Democracy, and you know damn well you are trying to defend them.
They gambled fascism because their policy is not far enough away from the Republican ideology for it to have been a serious existential concern. You’re almost there…
And yes, the way you said " Actually, I have read it" and immediately was like “ohhh but have you read this??” was extremely pompous and gross lol
Oh? Is that why?
Well, I’m sorry for being a pompous intellectual who ‘reads things’ and ‘responds when told to read something he has already read and in fact contradicts the point being made’.
Dude is really upset you read more than him. Lmaoo
it doesn’t
If you just name titles of books and concepts, you’re not contradicting any points you’re leaving the contradiction as an exercise to the reader and like, bragging about reading which is obnoxious and which you’re doing again here 😂
I apologize for being literate and being able to respond when someone asks me “Have you read X?”
It’s not that you read, it’s that you name drop books and knowledge instead of incorporating them into a discussion. And your self-defensive posture of “well SORRY for READING” is like the oldest trick in the manipulator’s book.
It’s not that you read, it’s that you brag about reading in a way that doesn’t contribute to the conversation. It’s not that you responded, it’s that you responded in a way that turned the suggestion into a pissing match of who has read what.
I’m telling you this, but I’m sure you know this because you probably do this all the time to give yourself an ego boost.
Oh, okay. Who brought up reading Mussolini in this discussion, again, and used it as an assertion of fascism’s definition, without ever defining fascism with the actual writings of Mussolini? Was it me or the other commenter? Sorry, I’m very scatter-brained, you’ll have to remind me.
they said if you want to learn more about a topic that they described, that you can read Mussolini.
you responsed with a sarcastic “Cool” and said oh by the way have you actually even read Mussolini?
I can’t be the first person to tell you how obnoxious you are lol. And I know you know what you’re doing lol.
Yes, I asked if they’d read, specifically, the Doctrine of Fascism since the Doctrine of Fascism quite literally contradicts their points.
Yeah, arguing?