Fines would’ve been most common, with corporal punishment (whippings or beatings) or various forms of exile following closely. If you weren’t a citizen, you could be condemned to involuntary servitude for a set time, or enslaved for life if your offence was severe enough.
Amputation and other forms of mutilation were regarded by the Roman Empire (at least before the 4th century AD) as morally repugnant, at least as a formalized punishment.
Fines would’ve been most common, with corporal punishment (whippings or beatings) or various forms of exile following closely. If you weren’t a citizen, you could be condemned to involuntary servitude for a set time, or enslaved for life if your offence was severe enough.
Amputation and other forms of mutilation were regarded by the Roman Empire (at least before the 4th century AD) as morally repugnant, at least as a formalized punishment.