Findings In this cohort study of 1 million patients, those treated by a female surgeon were less likely to experience death, hospital readmission, or major medical complication at 90 days or 1 year after surgery. This association was seen across nearly all subgroups defined by patient, surgeon, hospital, and procedure characteristics.

Meaning The findings of this study suggest that patients treated by female surgeons have a lower risk-adjusted likelihood of adverse postoperative outcomes at 90 days and 1 year following surgery