The team tracked individual plankton them from birth to death and exposed them to various concentrations of sodium chloride (rock salt) and calcium chloride.
This is still a car issue, though. From a US perspective which is extremely car-dependent, all of the following get deiced and either exist only because of car-centric infrastructure or would be present to a much lesser degree without it:
Driveways are often deiced by individuals. You’ll likely also deice the concrete path to your door, but removing the driveway from the equation nearly always dramatically lessens how much needs deicing.
There are enormous, sprawling parking lots that get deiced. These parking lots would not exist in such an insanely sprawling form if not for car-centrism.
Highways, exit ramps, and road bridges need deicing.
Car-centrism leads to much wider lanes than streets and roads actually need, creating vastly more surface area to deice.
Car-centrism leads to ridiculous sprawling urban design which means untold kilometers of road that wouldn’t exist otherwise get deiced.
Cutting down on car-centrism in the US and Canada would create an enormous reduction in how much deicer needs to be used here.
This is still a car issue, though. From a US perspective which is extremely car-dependent, all of the following get deiced and either exist only because of car-centric infrastructure or would be present to a much lesser degree without it:
Cutting down on car-centrism in the US and Canada would create an enormous reduction in how much deicer needs to be used here.