Media (medium, or the means through which communication happens) here matters less than reach. Both the carrier pigeon and clay tablet are the same: direct letters to someone else, direct communication. As media, a town crier is no different than town gossip or radio, it’s sound: someone speaks, others listen.
Also keep in mind that the majority of the population, even nobles, were illiterate for most of history
Yes, as they existed before the newspaper was invented. But their power increases as the speed of communication also increases.
Does town crier and carrier pigeon not count as media? What about that guy complaining on clay tablet?
The Holy Roman Empire had hordes of monks transcribing what ever they like.
Media (medium, or the means through which communication happens) here matters less than reach. Both the carrier pigeon and clay tablet are the same: direct letters to someone else, direct communication. As media, a town crier is no different than town gossip or radio, it’s sound: someone speaks, others listen.
Also keep in mind that the majority of the population, even nobles, were illiterate for most of history
Carrier pigeon, not likely.
Town crier, maybe but I am still swinging towards no.