Based on the preliminary results of the 2022 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), the total fertility rate1 (TFR) of Filipino women aged 15 to 49 years declined from 2.7 children per woman in 2017 to 1.9 children per woman in 2022. Hence, the Philippines is already below the replacement fertility level of 2.1 children per woman. By area of residence, women living in rural areas had slightly higher TFR of 2.2 children per woman as compared to women living in urban areas with 1.7 children per woman. (Figure 1)