Yes, in many parts of the west they were not even allowed those marginalized communities. For all intents and purposes, Oregon was a ‘sundown state’ until the civil rights era. I have coworkers whose deed to the house they bought still has (obviously now unenforceable) language in it stating that the house may only be sold to a person of caucasian descent. Oregon was anti-slavery, not because they opposed slavery, but because it would bring people of color into the state. I say all of this as a southerner who was shocked to learn the racial history when I moved here to Oregon.

Portland may be progressive today, but that is a recent development, and the rural portions of the state still fly a traitorous flag.