Hello networking community
driven by the vision of a decentralised, independent and neutral network, I have set out into the depths of netowrking. I have compared different networks and tried to understand the underlying structures.
But my head is spinning from all the research and I’ve lost track a bit, which is why I’m turning to you. I would like to compare and categorise all these networks according to their protocols using the osi model.
I would be grateful if you could help me to fill in the following table as good as possible. You can simply copy it or write your answer in the comments.
| Network | WWW | Usenet | GNUnet | Freenet | I2P | Tor | ZeroNet | Lokinet | Internet Computer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| L2 | |||||||||
| L3 | IP | IP | IP | ||||||
| L4 | TCP | ||||||||
| L5 | |||||||||
| L6 | |||||||||
| L7 |
There’s a fair bit to unpack in this comment.
Easier one first. ICANN was removed from US Dept of Commerce oversight in 2016. They are a stand-alone non-profit entity. From the linked article:
“The contract regarding the IANA stewardship functions between ICANN and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce ended on October 1, 2016, formally transitioning the functions to the global multistakeholder community.”
ICANN manages global DNS, the name service that translates my Lemmy instance’s name to an IP address my computer can use to contact the server. It is not “the Internet” per se. It is an important service run on the Internet.
Second: ISPs create the Internet by connecting to one another. There is no connecting to “the physical backbone” without connecting to another ISP. There isn’t any single “backbone” or other notional central point. There’s no neutral entity operating the biggest router or backbone in the world where neutrality reigns supreme. There’s no big bundle of fiber encircling the globe where everyone puts their packets.
The CAIDA visualizations are a great way to look at the interconnections that make up the Internet. The first graph on that page is what the Internet looks like in terms of “the backbone”. It’s really a mesh of connectivity among the largest ISPs in the world. The red center of the graph shows the most dense interconnections. That’s where the term Internet comes from - an internetwork, or network of networks.
They must connect together because physical access to fiber is not enough. They must connect physical fiber to router equipment that is able to 1) send an enormous quantity of packets among each other and 2) communicate reachability for the different networks using BGP.
By the way, those segments of physical fiber only connect two devices together at a time. Hence the mesh in the CAIDA diagram.
That is the true nature of the Internet. Without those interconnections and routers, you have islands of connectivity that cannot reach each other.
It’s like your example in the earlier comment with the experimental protocols. You could build your own network without some connection point to the larger Internet. You could do it with any set of protocols you wished – your network, your rules. But without a connection to an ISP, it would not be able to reach Internet resources. Your network would simply be an island.
I mean, you could make it a great island with lots of services, and your island could have a big signpost that says “Free and Neutral Forever”. But it would still be isolated from the Internet.
Source: I work on telecom / ISP networks.
Thank you! You explained it really well. As I understand it, most of the physical infrastructure for data transmission belongs to some private company. These companies sell the usage rights to smaller companies and so on. So these companies are the ISPs. In this sense, you would either have to build your own network infrastructure (cables, routers, switches) or rent the infrastructure from the owners.
The physical infrastructure is basically largely independent of the protocols that run through it (optical cables simply carry light). Couldn’t this infrastructure then somehow be used as a direct connection between two users via a protocol other than IP?
You’re welcome!
Usually they are ISPs. If you wanted to buy a route on a fiber optic cable (usually called “dark fiber” in this context), it’s just a different product that they sell. There’s no Internet access on a dark fiber link, not even light from a router at the other side. If you were to purchase a dark fiber route, you’d have to provide routers at either end and light that path yourself.
Whomever owns those ISPs also owns that infrastructure. In liberal countries, it’s usually a for-profit company, but could be a non-profit as well. In less liberal countries, the government may own and operate the fiber.
Correct.
Absolutely. CLNS, IPX, Appletalk, DEC Phase V, and Banyan VINES are all older examples of layer 3 protocols that work perfectly fine over fiber. Once upon a time, IPX was more dominant than IP in businesses. I ran a dual-stack IPX and IP network 25 years ago.
These other layer 3 protocols do not interoperate with IP. For example, on my IPX and IP network, I had computers that could only speak IPX. None of those were able to communicate with IP networks at all. They did not know anything about the Internet, could not use it, could not access it. A web browser on these machines would simply not work.
That’s true for routers as well. If I were to order an Internet circuit, and I enabled IPX on my router, IPX would not work across that link because the ISP doesn’t support IPX. Both ends must agree to route the layer 3 protocol.
But IP won out in the long run. Not because it was government or corporate owned, not because it was centralized, not because it was engineered to be unfair. It won out because it wasn’t any of these things.
The standards for Internet protocols are openly developed by a body known as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Anyone is free to look at the specs, known as RFCs; anyone is free to write their own implementations of the protocols. This includes IP, TCP, UDP, BGP, DNS, HTTP, HTTPS, and other helper protocols like DHCP and ARP.
That’s why there is a such a diverse, worldwide marketplace of router hardware/software vendors. Each of these vendors have developers that used the RFCs to write their particular implementation of router software.
Going back to the question of neutrality, the RFCs themselves neither encourage nor discourage neutrality. They exist as an agreement on how to exchange information: how packets are constructed, what information is included, how software ought to interpret that info, and so on. It is up to the router vendors to implement these standards, and it is up to the ISPs who buy those routers how to handle those packets.
The ISPs may enforce policies that are handed down from the jurisdiction where they operate. The ISPs may even be owned and operated by the government. China’s Great Firewall is a prime example of anti-neutrality. Iranian Internet, I understand, is also government run and heavily monitored. These providers will use information in the IP packets to throttle or even block that communication.
In more liberal countries, most neutrality proponents are concerned primarily with quality of service. For example, they argue that Comcast Universal should not throttle or de-prioritize traffic to Netflix because it is a competitor to Comcast’s own streaming service.
In either case, the protocol spec itself is not the reason for anti-neutrality behavior by these organizations. And switching to another layer 3 protocol, whether it’s one that already exists or has yet to be invented, won’t facilitate that neutrality by itself.
Thank you once again for the detailed explanation!