Longevity. Good headphones will have replaceable batteries, cheaper ones can still be opened up to replace them fairly easily. Batteries to fit most earbuds are much harder to source, even if you can open them up without completely destroying them.

If you do your research, a couple of earbuds use button cells that can be replaced with minimal soldering (particularly the Galaxy Buds).

Headphones often also come with a 3.5" removable plug, useful if you want to use them as a computer headset.

Earbuds are generally more acceptable in stores and other places where you need to interact with other people.