I needed a reminder of where to look, and the first search result was in a reddit post on r/pop_os with a similar title. Since that sub is currently locked, I found my answer elsewhere. I decided it would be useful to post the info here too. I’ll write my answer below, and someone can write a better one if they have it.
(p.s. Thanks for keeping the reddit sub private; I think it’s the right decision since the major reasons for the blackout have not changed.)
Here’s what worked for me.
The most likely places for user-installed applications:
~/.local/share/applications
~/.local/share/flatpak/exports/share/applications
The first of these is for .deb applications, and the second is for flatpak.
Other places:
This answer on ask ubuntu says the default search also includes
applications
directories that exist under the directories included in the variable.
This flatpak github comment gives the directory above for flatpak, along with a lot of complicated explanation and other possible locations. If you need to know that, you should probably just read it there.
mine are in
~/.local/share/applications