It’s never made much sense that the entire multi-species Federation would be subject to a strict ban on genetic engineering due to events on Earth that happened centuries before the Federation was even founded. The way they doubled down on that rationale in Una’s trial only highlighted the absurdity – especially when Admiral April claimed he would exclude Una to prevent genocide.
On the one hand, the writers may be trying to create a straw man out of a weird part of Star Trek lore so they can have a civil rights issue in Starfleet. And that’s fine. From an in-universe perspective, though, I think we can discern another reason for the ban on genetic engineering – the Klingon Augment Virus.
There was a ban on genetic engineering on United Earth, which is understandable given that it was much closer to the time of the Eugenics Wars. Why would that remain unchanged when more time passed, more species joined, and more humans lived in places without living reminders of the war? [NOTE: I have updated the paragraph up to this point to reflect @Value Subtracted’s correction in comments.] The answer is presumably that they needed to reassure the Klingons that something like the Augment Virus would never happen again. Hence they instituted a blanket ban around that time – perhaps in 2155, the year after the Klingon Augment Virus crisis and also, according to Michael Burnham, the year the Geneva Protocols on Biological Weapons were updated.
That bought the Federation over a century of peace, but after war broke out due to a paranoid faction of Klingons who thought humans would dilute Klingon purity and after peace was only secured through the most improbable means, they doubled down on the ban. Una’s revelation provided a perfect opportunity to signal to the Klingons that they were serious about the ban – hence why they would add the charges of sedition, perhaps. Ultimately, an infinitely long speech and the prospect of losing one of their best captains combined to make them find a loophole – but not to invalidate the ban or call it into question. This Klingon context is why April, who we know is caught up in war planning of various kinds, is so passionate that the ban exists “to prevent genocide” – he’s not thinking of people like Una, he’s thinking of the near-genocide they suffered at the hands of the Klingons.
This theory still doesn’t paint the Federation in a positive light, since they have effectively invented a false propaganda story to defend a policy that has led to demonstrable harm. But it makes a little more sense, at least to me. What do you think?
It’s important to remember that Earth has an outsize influence on the Federation. The capital is, and always has been, there, and will continue to be until such time as it secedes entirely from the Federation after the Burn. The Academy is there. Starfleet is headquartered there, and grew out of United Earth’s space service. Most of Starfleet is human, most Federation colonies are human. Azetbur was mistaken to call itself a “Homo sapiens-only club” but the fact is that from the beginning, as the only planet with friendly relations with Vulcan, Andoria, and Tellar Prime, as the very reason the Federation exists… Earth found itself with a power dynamic that highly favored it.
As such, I don’t think it’s too surprising that a specifically Earthican problem could weigh heavily on the Federation, even as it grew larger and more cosmopolitan.
If the purpose of prosecuting Una was to signal the Federation’s seriousness about a genetic ban to appease the Klingons, then why offer a plea deal with a sweetheart sentence? Why keep the records sealed? Why even bother with not charging her with sedition initially?
No, this isn’t plausible to me. If it was a show trial for a diplomatic purpose, it’d be full on from the beginning, no deals and having a Klingon observer in the courtroom. There’s no need to be coy about it.
It’s obvious that Starfleet and the Federation is embarrassed at having had an Illyrian not just join, but climb the ranks to be the best first officer in the fleet. That’s reason to sweep it under the rug, not use it as a message for the Klingons.
If it was a show trial for a diplomatic purpose, it’d be full on from the beginning, no deals and having a Klingon observer in the courtroom. There’s no need to be coy about it.
According to Worf the Augment virus and its effects are “not something the Klingons discuss with outsiders”. This show trial was about appeasing the High Council and assuring them there wouldn’t be more augmented officers after Una; not about appeasing the Klingon people. Observers etc would have been too high profile.
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Okay, first they try to cover it up, because it’s easier if the Klingons never find out. But then once she’s uncooperative, you go all out to show it’s serious. And you don’t have a Klingon observer because you don’t want the general public to know the Klingons are dictating such an important domestic policy.
I missed the Klingon observer? Where were they?
There wasn’t one – that’s what @khaosworks was pointing out.
it does not seem like Earth or Starfleet has any particular issue with genetic engineering in Enterprise
From “Cold Station 12”:
ARCHER: He had frequent pain, hallucinations, he talked to people who weren’t there. Often couldn’t recognise me or my mother. The last two years of his life-
PHLOX: And you were thinking if genetic engineering had been permitted-
ARCHER: Maybe Soong has a point.
PHLOX: I’ve had time to examine his work more closely. I’m forced to admit some of it is extremely inventive. He’s really quite brilliant. It’s a shame such a man has to remain incarcerated.
ARCHER: He broke the law. That’s why he was in prison. And that’s why I’m going to make sure he goes back. Denobula perfected genetic engineering a long time ago, but you never came close to destroying yourselves.
I believe that genetic modification to fix defects/heal diseases is still acceptable; it’s augmentation beyond what is considered to be “natural” that is the problem.
Right - the fuzzy area lies in what was done to Bashir, and I assume is what Archer is talking about here: “overpowering” a genetic disorder by enhancing other abilities.
The danger is in what gets defined as a “defect”. I think we’d all be comfortable fixing congenital heart failure before birth, and I (hopefully) assume we’d all be very uncomfortable with “fixing autism”. There’s a big blurry area between those two things, and I think Trek has largely correctly tended on the conservative side.
But I like how this theory ties the timeline together in a way that makes a bit more sense, because the “risk of another Khan” is not, at this point, the most interesting problem with gene editing in Star Trek to me
I don’t know that I fully agree. I think a lot of people who get upset about attempts to cure autism are people who are able to function in society independently, along with people who get upset on behalf of people with autism and/or are self diagnosed because they do things that fit the profile.
Contrast this with some people I know who have a now-adult child who is, to be clear, very intelligent, but he’s nonverbal, will probably never drive, will probably have great difficulty holding down a job, all things that make life in current society difficult. Add the message of last night’s SNW’s episode in. Not everyone is an angelic, understanding soul. These folks I’m thinking of have had a lot of problems with prejudice. Add in that they’re probably on board with having their child at home for life and having to worry about who takes over for them when they’re not able to.
As far as I know I’m not on the spectrum even though honestly I should probably be checked. I do know about other, diagnosed problems that get in the way of what people would call “normal”, and honestly if someone said I could get an mRNA injection to change that, I would. If they’d come to me 20 years ago and said, we can’t cure you but we can make sure this ends with your generation, absolutely, no question.
I personally honestly think the line should be disease and disorders, full stop. Gattaca, in other words. I know we won’t be able to stop rich people from ordering pretty and athletic kids eventually but the line should be drawn nonetheless.
I don’t know that I fully agree. I think a lot of people who get upset about attempts to cure autism are people who are able to function in society independently, along with people who get upset on behalf of people with autism and/or are self diagnosed because they do things that fit the profile.
On the other hand, historically, attempts at a cure have also resulted in rather terrible treatment for disabled people, particularly where eugenics tended to rear its ugly head.
And from a slightly tangential viewpoint, some of the reaction is also similar to the Deaf community’s reaction to the possibility of a cure. Working around their disability has caused them to form a culture of their own, so in their eyes, the existence of a cure is an implicit threat of genocide of some form.
As far as I know I’m not on the spectrum even though honestly I should probably be checked. I do know about other, diagnosed problems that get in the way of what people would call “normal”, and honestly if someone said I could get an mRNA injection to change that, I would. If they’d come to me 20 years ago and said, we can’t cure you but we can make sure this ends with your generation, absolutely, no question.
Besides it being anecdotal and not applicable to everyone, you also run the risk of the Bashir issue, where there’s the possibility that someone would be just fine growing up (at least going by Mirror Bashir), but their parents try to get them bumped up because they’re not doing as well as they would like, or they’re pressured into it just by virtue of being different.
I personally honestly think the line should be disease and disorders, full stop. Gattaca, in other words. I know we won’t be able to stop rich people from ordering pretty and athletic kids eventually but the line should be drawn nonetheless.
The problem is where you draw the line. Even with just “disease and disorders”, that is fantastically broad category, and is very much up to interpretation.
It wasn’t all that long ago that being attracted to members of the same sex was considered a disorder of sexual deviancy, on par with paedophilia, and there some conditions are arguably benign enough that they don’t warrant that kind of treatment.
The modern interpretation is generally that if the patient’s quality of life is not affected, then they don’t really need a medical procedure done. Someone whose organs are backwards, or has a single fused kidney instead of two, for example, doesn’t need to undergo an immensely complex surgery to have them put in their common places/reshaped, since that arrangement doesn’t cause them any issues.
You could argue the same for neurodevelopmental disorders. If the patient’s quality of life is severely harmed, then yes, treatment might be something worth considering, but you also don’t want to blanket apply that across the board.
That aside, I’m also not sure that GATTACA is quite the best example to choose, considering that in that universe, genetically designed/augmented people were both preferred, and the only ones allowed to take many roles, creating a permanent underclass of naturally-born people who really only qualified for janitorial jobs, and things no-one else wanted to take.
I don’t want to be thought of as rude, but it’s incredibly insulting to use the word “genocide” to describe, say, cochlear implants.
During the 1930s and 1940s, Hitler and Stalin didn’t force Jews, gay people, etc. to convert to Christianity; they were killed for being “wrong”. An entire people were nearly wiped out via mass murder.
That’s what genocide is. MASS MURDER.
You’re comparing possible genetic therapy to allow people to blend in, to !!!MASS MURDER!!!
EDIT: I thought of a better analogy: people who are paraplegic due to spinal injury, and stem cell research. There’s promising research into curing some spinal injuries previously untreatable, which would allow people to walk again. The argument many disabled communities make, is that doing so deprives that person, and the world, of a different life experience where they can live a meaningful life in a wheelchair, and that treating their injury is no different than throwing them into an oven at a Nazi mercy center. It leaves out entirely the wishes of the individual, suggesting it’s more important to be a visible disabled person than their personal wishes.
Suggesting that, say, your child could avoid having to learn coping mechanisms to deal with ADHD by never having ADHD in the first place, isn’t murder. Now, testing your fetus and aborting it because it’s going to be disabled, on the other hand…
Raphael Lemkin, writing in 1944 in the very paper that first established the term “genocide”, wrote the following:
Generally speaking, genocide does not necessarily mean the immediate destruction of a nation, except when accomplished by mass killings of all members of a nation. It is intended rather to signify a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves. The objectives of such a plan would be disintegration of the political and social institutions, of culture, language, national feelings, religion, and the economic existence of national groups, and the destruction of the personal security, liberty, health, dignity, and even the lives of the individuals belonging to such groups.
Lordy. Please let there never be a movement for a Nation of Epilepsy. I do not want anyone to advocate against genocide of people with epilepsy. Someone invents some kind of stem cell or mRNA treatment, put it in my veins right now.
Just know what you brought up is not a commonly understood definition of genocide. The word literally translates to “killing a race”.
This gets into some super awkward territory in a hurry though. Did you know 90% of fetuses with Down’s Syndrome are terminated? That’s actually what eugenics is. Preventing births of undesirables.
I’m not sure I can subscribe to there being no difference between “your child will have debilitating epilepsy and we can end your pregnancy” and “your child will have debilitating epilepsy unless we give him this injection”.
I don’t want to be thought of as rude, but it’s incredibly insulting to use the word “genocide” to describe, say, cochlear implants.
It is how portions of the Deaf community have described it. For example, some portions believed that by giving deaf children cochlear implants, and through them, the ability to hear, they would be removed from the Deaf community, which they could consider genocide (see definition 2 quoted replies below).
That article isn’t the only one that mentions that, either. There are others, both in the form of blog posts, or research article.
During the 1930s and 1940s, Hitler and Stalin didn’t force Jews, gay people, etc. to convert to Christianity; they were killed for being “wrong”. An entire people were nearly wiped out via mass murder.
It may surprise you to know that neither Hitler, nor Stalin actually supported religion at all (and is probably where the contemporary US attitude of “we’re proud Christian Americans instead of those communist atheists” comes from, but I digress.
For Nazi Germany, the murder was a more convenient way of achieving their goal of elevating Germans through eugenics by eliminating “undesirables”, but they did also sterilise them too.
For Stalin’s USSR, they also exiled people in addition to executing them. I can’t say why, but I imagine it was also a matter of convenience compared to exile.
That’s what genocide is. MASS MURDER.That’s what genocide is. MASS MURDER.
Genocide need not involve murder. You can also have a cultural genocide, where you aren’t trying to erase a peoples by killing them all, but using other means, such as forcing them to lose their language/heritage, or taking away their children. Australia did that back in the colonial days, and it would be difficult to argue that it was not an attempt at genocide.
EDIT: I thought of a better analogy: people who are paraplegic due to spinal injury, and stem cell research. There’s promising research into curing some spinal injuries previously untreatable, which would allow people to walk again. The argument many disabled communities make, is that doing so deprives that person, and the world, of a different life experience where they can live a meaningful life in a wheelchair, and that treating their injury is no different than throwing them into an oven at a Nazi mercy center. It leaves out entirely the wishes of the individual, suggesting it’s more important to be a visible disabled person than their personal wishes.
You do make good points, since the line that’s typically drawn in medicine is one of quality of life. If a patient’s quality of life is impacted by their disability, then it would make sense to offer the option of a treatment.
Maybe you should make sure you’re right about terminology before you embarass yourself with weird histrionics?
If you want to make the argument that people should be able to modify themselves I 100% back that up. In fact I think that probably would have fixed my problems with this episode, if this is something more like a rite of passage that Ilyrian adolescents choose to undergo then the whole thing gets way less ethically messy because now you’re letting people make decisions about themselves that are socially influenced instead of having decisions made for them that are socially enforced. But I have really strong aversions to society deciding what types of bodies and minds even get to be born.
From my limited understanding genetic issues are caused by something going wrong, so a scientist can tell you exactly what went wrong and what are the side effects. For example maybe at point X you should have some gene ABC but you had bad luck and you have ABBC and this will cause issues.
So IMO if your child has such an real defect that is 100% scientifically proven that is not normal but an accident that happens very rare then as a parent you should have the right to decide to fix it or decide to let the child to live with it and maybe cure it later if possible.
I do not think we know if Bashir had such a defect in the DNA or he just inherited some “bad” traits from both parents and he did not get a cure but enhancements.
Autism is a wide spectrum though. From people who are a bit socially awkward to people who will spend their life non-verbal and needing constant care. I would imagine most people would be happy to cute the later if they could.
Although, it seems to be blanket ban on modification at this point in time. It might have been loosened to allow modification in the case of defects later on, considering that the Illyrians would have no reason to try to devise something to reverse their modifications if modification was allowed, but augmentation was not.
Considering Phlox found that one of their main faults with Earth’s genetic engineering program was that they went too far, and tried to create a perfect being, instead of making minor tweaks or improvements, that might be the path that most planets took.
It’s also unclear what would be considered “natural” anyway. Even putting aside the Illyrians, we know from “A Measure of a Man” that “mega-strength” is fairly common out in the universe, but just not for humans.
Say a human being was genetically modified to have mega-strength, and telepathic abilities. That’s not a naturally occurring feature in most humans, granted, so could be considered unnatural. But a Human/Vulcan hybrid would also have those abilities, and it would be rather silly to consider them unnatural, simply because they were lucky enough to have both Vulcan and Human heritage.
They even mentioned in the charges that the ban was on permanent genetic mods. I’m assuming something for an illness or injury would just be temporary until the issue is resolved.
DOH!
I don’t see why there has to be any one reason.
One of the founding members of the Federation (and basically the creator of it’s exploratory/defense fleet) is extremely traumatized over a war that killed hundreds of millions.
Then, another conflict involving augmented antagonists comes along and gives them all the reason to say “see?! We were right!!!”
It makes sense that following the Eugenics War (and I believe it’s heavily suggested that the Eugenics War and disagreements around genetic modification were a key cause of WW3) that genetic engineering would be banned on Earth. First Contact happens not long after WW3 in 2063. It takes almost 90 years for Enterprise to be launched in 2151 with the help of the Vulcans.
WW1 ended 105 years ago and it’s still taught in schools, including the causes. WW2 ended 78 years ago and is also still heavily taught and is used as a parallel for why fascism is bad, even today. Both are a similar time difference from today as WW3 at the time of Enterprise and has a higher death toll (30% of the population) and so if you could ban a leading cause of that war, you would. I could see UE making it a requirement on the other founding members (none of which seems to have particularly experimented with it, and have seen the effect on Earth. Banning it is only logical.)
During that time, we see a rise up of the Soong’s augments in 2154, which ends badly and I think would be more than enough to reinforce the prejudice in Earth society (and the Vulcans and Andorians would have been aware of it too.) Plus we see the Klingon Augment Virus as you suggested.
SNW takes place in 2260, which is about 100 years on and now the Federation has obviously been founded and is a growing force - but 100 years isn’t that long and as human life times are suggested to be extending by then - there are probably people alive that remember the events of 2154. The rules have also led to fewer or no repeatable events involving augments and I can understand wanting to keep it that way.
Then in DS9, we see that it is still being practised illegally by some. Occasionally it turns out fine like Bashir but often leads to medical issues like Jack and his group in statistical probabilities. (Which again, ends with them trying to force the Federation to surrender to the Dominion.)
