Maybe Borg is a possibility. However, I have not yet backed up an entire system with it, but only certain files.

• The file permissions have always been correct when restoring files in my case.
• Which compression (LZ4, zlib, LZMA or zstd) and which compression level is used can be specified when creating a backup.
• Backups can be mounted via FUSE, so that you can restore individual files with an file manager or a terminal emulator, for example.

At least on the Mac (bsdtar) you can extract single files out of a tar file.

E.g.,

Create the tar file:

tar cvzf pseudo.tgz pseudo/

Move to another directory

cd /tmp/tt

Extract a single file:

tar -xf ../pseudo.tgz pseudo/10481_2017.1069.png

You say PC, so might want to check the tar version you are using and see if there are extra parameters to do the file extraction.

Take a look at squashfs. This creates a compressed archive that can be mounted as a read-only filesystem to pull out individual files. It is very fast and likely already installed on your system.

You don’t need to extract the whole thing if you use tar. The reason you have to here is because you use zstd/xz on top of it.

Use tar as is. It’s what it’s made for.

Take a look at DAR: http://dar.linux.free.fr/

It has many advanced functions and is actively developed (for over a decade).

I use bupstash.io

• mksquashfs - result can be mounted as a read only fs. Auto deduplication (Files with the same exact content occupy the same data block). Uses smaller block sizes for compression so ratios might not be as good
• fsarchiver - kind of like tar but indexes and stores fs info, and I’m pretty sure it allows picking specific files out

When I wipe my PC I always use Clonezilla. I have a separate /home partition and I usually copy /etc inside my user’s home directory just before the cloning. I’d say you should give it a try.

Dar

Tar = Tape ARchive

DAR = Disk Archive

It is supposed to replace tar when storing on random access media as tar isn’t random access. Compression and encryption options.

Borg or restic since they do deduplication.

My biggest data regret is rsync-ing or tar-ing up my systems to my fileserver as a backup mechanism. So much wasted space. Extremely difficult to find anything. Impossible to properly organize. These backup solutions improve the situation tremendously.

fsarchiver is very nice. Not fast on pulling out files, but, I mean, it’s infinitely faster than tar.

Only quit using it so much because zfs-send is the real big hammer.

Best part is it can regenerate partitions, or whatever, or you can restore a larger partition to a smaller one, all the cool permutations assuming the files actually fit. Can re-write users and permissions if you like, all the bells.

https://www.fsarchiver.org/

Support for basic file attributes (permissions, ownership, …)
Support for basic file-system attributes (label, uuid, block-size) for all linux file-systems
Support for multiple file-systems per archive
Support for extended file attributes (they are used by SELinux)
Support for all major Linux filesystems (extfs, xfs, btrfs, reiserfs, etc)
Support for FAT filesystems (in order to backup/restore EFI System Partitions)
Experimental support for cloning ntfs filesystems
Checksumming of everything which is written in the archive (headers, data blocks, whole files)
Ability to restore an archive which is corrupt (it will just skip the current file)
Multi-threaded lzo, gzip, bzip2, lzma/xz compression: if you have a dual-core / quad-core it will use all the power of your cpu
Lzma/xz compression (slow but very efficient algorithm) to make your archive smaller.
Support for splitting large archives into several files with a fixed maximum size
Encryption of the archive using a password. Based on blowfish from libgcrypt.

Oh, also you can always copy it over to an iso image and mount it, or a qcow or raw image of some kind for loop mount.

Hey, didn’t know about this: https://www.linux.com/news/mounting-archives-fuse-and-archivemount/